The legal idea of nullification, as argued by the virginia and kentucky resolutions, relates to

government power versus individual power.
free speech versus sedition.
immigrants’ rights versus citizens’ rights.
state power versus federal power.

The correct answer is “state power versus federal power”

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1789 argued that the federal government had no authority to exercise power that was not specifically delegated to in the Constitution. This way they demanded the nullification of the “Alien and Sedition Acts” of 1789.These resolutions fuelled John C. Calhoun’s idea of the power of states to nullify federal laws.

architecture i think.

i hope this !

i'd assume india mainly because of how isolated japan was.   plus it is a whole china away.