The study of modern management began in the late nineteenth century with the which took a rational, scientific approach to management and sought to turn organizations into efficient operating machines.

The classical perspective is the correct answer.

Explanation:

The Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of the classical perspective of management. This perspective focused on the output of employees, improving efficiency, productivity, and the business. A major drawback of this perspective was it didn't focus on human behavior and variance among the employees and how job satisfaction improves employee efficiency. It was introduced by Fredrick Winslow Taylor. He thought that the worker's productivity can be completely controlled by managing it as a science. So he used the scientific method of measurement and created guidelines for the management and training of the employees, which came to be known as the Classical perspective of management.