How was the u. s. constitution ratified?
by each state at special ratifying conventions
at the constitutional convention of 1787
at the confederation convention
by popular referendum in each state

By each state at special ratifying conventions.

Explanation:

The process of constitution ratified started in Philadelphia  1787 and finished in  New Hampshire 1788 .

During 3 months of convention five states ratified the new project of constitution but Massachusett was opposed to the document.

At last in 1788 was a agreed with Massachusetts and others states. The constitution was ratified in Massachusetts.

Article VII stipulated that nine states had to ratify the Constitution for it to go into effect. Beyond the legal requirements for ratification, the state conventions fulfilled other purposes. The Constitution had been produced in strictest secrecy during the Philadelphia convention.

Explanation:

answer-the island had airfields that the u.s. military needed.

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