Which of these factors spurred a large wave of german immigration in the mid 1800 a a failed revolution and political violence b famine caused by crop failure c religious persecution of the catholic minority d an invasion by the russian empire

taking into account all of the revolutions happening in Europe at the time, it's possible A could be the answer. I'm not sure what the demographics of the german confederation was then, but C also can make sense considering that the US has a tolerance for evry faith, like in the days of it being colonies.

I would go with A

Explanation:

the answer to number 5 is fort sumter

in griswold v. connecticut (1965), the supreme court ruled that a state's ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy.