Why did large, well-established empires like the russian and the ottoman empires struggle with the forces of modernity, while a small, secluded island nation like japan seemed to adapt so quickly and successfully?

There were numerous reasons as to why so large, well-established empires like the Russian and the Ottoman Empires were not able to quickly adapt and modernize in the way that much smaller nations did.

For starters, these two empires had very large territories. The vast territories meant that the laws and the modernization can not be implemented very well in all parts of the empire. Also, big problem was that in the borders of these empires lived people from lot of different ethnic and religious groups, which was largely making them empires where the people were not united, had different points of view, and different goals.

Japan on the other hand, is much smaller. The population of this nation had the same ethnic, religious, and cultural background, thus the nation was united in all aspects. That led to easy transformation and modernization of the society without any particular problems.

take five to 10 minutes to warm up and cool down properly.

plan to start slowly and boost your activity level gradually unless you are already exercising frequently and vigorously.

be aware that training too hard or too often can cause overuse injuries like stress fractures, stiff or sore joints and muscles, and inflamed tendons and ligaments. sports prompting repetitive wear and tear on certain parts of your body — such as swimming (shoulders), jogging (knees, ankles, and feet), tennis (elbows) — are often overuse culprits, too. a mix of different kinds of activities and sufficient rest is safer.

listen to your body. hold off on exercise when you're sick or feeling very fatigued. cut back if you cannot finish an exercise session, feel faint after exercise or fatigued during the day, or suffer persistent aches and pains in joints after exercising.

if you stop exercising for a while, drop back to a lower level of exercise initially. if you're doing strength training, for example, lift lighter weights or do fewer reps or sets.

for most people, simply drinking plenty of water is sufficient. but if you're working out especially hard or doing a marathon or triathlon, choose drinks that replace fluids plus essential electrolytes.

choose clothes and shoes designed for your type of exercise. replace shoes every six months as cushioning wears out.

for strength training, good form is essential. initially use no weight, or very light weights, when learning the exercises. never sacrifice good form by hurrying to finish reps or sets, or struggling to lift heavier weights.

exercising vigorously in hot, humid conditions can lead to serious overheating and dehydration. slow your pace when the temperature rises above 70°f. on days when the thermometer is expected to reach 80°f, exercise during cooler morning or evening hours or at an air-conditioned gym. watch for signs of overheating, such as headache, dizziness, nausea, faintness, cramps, or palpitations.

dress properly for cold-weather workouts to avoid hypothermia. depending on the temperature, wear layers you can peel off as you warm up. don't forget gloves.

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