How has the changing of interpretations of civil rights resulted in challenges or controversies as related to specific cases. (plessy v. ferguson , brown v. board of education, miranda v. arizona, united states v. virginia, adarand constructors, inc. v. pena,) answer all or atleast 4/3 of them with good explaining.

Marbury v. Madison was a milestone in the history of constitutional law that stated the supremacy of the constitution over other laws. Plessy v. Fergusson and Brown v. Board of education were landmarks of the fight for the rights under the fourteenth Amendment (equal civil rights). Gideon v. Wainright ruled in favor of the sixth Amendment, the right that poor citizens to have a lawyer in criminal cases. Miranda v, Arizona ruled under the fifth and sixth Amendments, the rights that a person have to remain silent and to have a lawyer. Tinker vs Des moines ruled in favor students saying that they don´t leave their constitutional rights at the door of the school. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier ruled in favor of young journalist and their Freedom of Speech under the First Amendment.

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president thomas jefferson hoped that the embargo act of 1807 would the united states by demonstrating to britain and france their dependence on american goods, convincing them to respect american neutrality and stop impressing american seamen. instead, the act had a devastating effect on american trade.