1. how did materials and technologies transform industry and the global economy?
2. how did darwin’s theories on animal species impact discussions on class distinctions in humans?
3. how did migrations begin to affect people and societies?
4. how did africans and chinese oppose imperialism?
5. what societal issues began to cause problems around the world?

1. Before materials and technolgies developed along with advancement in science, Global economy was dominated by the Agricultural sector.

After materials and technologies started to be developed, the global economy started to slowly shifted into manufacture. These development enable people to create a more beneficial products with cheaper cost and very little time. This make the sales of manufactured goods far outgrew the sales of agricultural goods.

2. Darwin theories made many people wonder whether the social class in humans are created with the same 'survival of the fittest' principles like the animals.

Darwin stated that in the end, species that could adapt to the changes would survive and become the dominant species in that environment. Human society could also been on the same principle. For example, people who managed to adapt to the industrial revolution were the one that acquire the most wealth and rise their social rankings compared to the people who failed to do so.

3. Migrations influence the number of skilled workers and resources availability in that societies.

Not all territories in the country able to provide enough job opportunities and wealth for its people. When this occurs, many people were driven out from that territory and move to the new territories where resources and job opportunities are abundant. This would improve the number of skilled workers in the new territories and reduce the resource availability.

4. Chinese people oppose imperialism by completely excluding themselves from the influence of western nations. In the past, they completely banned all european products who wanted to come in and refuse foreign relations with European diplomats.

The African people on the other hand, did not refuse the western influence. They were colonized for a long period of time before they eventually created several revolution groups to drive imperialism away from their countries.

5. it would be poverty

Regardless of race , religion, or gender, typically people who're born rich would have far better life and had more success in their career compared to the people who're born poor.

Poverty exist in all countries around the world, even those who considered to be the most industrialized nations.

the reform movements that arose during the antebellum period in america focused on specific issues: temperance, abolishing imprisonment for debt, pacifism, antislavery, abolishing capital punishment, amelioration of prison conditions (with prison's purpose reconceived as rehabilitation rather than punishment), the humane treatment of animals, the humane and just treatment of native americans, the establishment of public institutions for the care of the destitute, orphans, blind, and mentally ill, the establishment of public schools, the abolition of tobacco use, vegetarianism, health reform, homeopathic medicine, woman's rights (including, at first, especially the establishment of a woman's right to own property apart from her husband and her right to sue for divorce), and the amelioration of labor conditions (including higher pay, the right to form unions, the right to strike, and the demand for limits on the number of work hours, and safe working conditions).

explanation:

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.