What was the warsaw pact?

a. a military alliance between the soviet union and eastern european countries
b. a military alliance between the united states and western europe
c. a military alliance between the united states and the soviet union
d. a military alliance between the western bloc and the eastern bloc

A. A military alliance between the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries

The Warsaw Pact dates back to 1955, mainly a military alliance led by the USSR in reaction to the NATO (military alliance led by US) counterpart.  This coalition also discouraged the possibility of Western Germany to rearm, especially since the entering of capitalist Germany into the Nato took place the year previous, 1954. Seen from the Soviet perspective, the Warsaw Pact also served for strengthening military presence in the Eastern countries, that were satellite states. The most representative act took by the Warsaw Pact was the invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968.

independent innovation during the abbasid caliphate

that was the type of government the spanish colonists were used to.