Why did the allies include war guilt clause and what was the political consequences of this clause

Which statement describes an important outcome of the congress of vienna? a. napoleon launched his final european military campaigns. b. european states had their borders clearly defined. c. jewish people were given equal right in germanic states d. the slave trade became increasingly important to european economies.

Why caused john quincy adams to write the monroe doctrine?

31/3: which equation has the solutions x =?