What triumphs did the late 19th century witness in the realms of industrial growth, urbanization, and technological innovation? what challenges did these developments pose for urban dwellers, workers, and recent immigrants? how did city officials and everyday citizens respond to these challenges?

the answer is b.2008 and 2012 were presidential election years.

i hope this

explanation:

max weber's 3 types of authority. the sociologist and philosopher  max weber  distinguishes  three types of authority—charismatic,  traditional  and legal-rational—each of which corresponds to a brand of  leadership that is operative in contemporary society.

soviet influence spread across eastern europe sharply during and after wwii. the soviet armies liberated the countries in eastern europe and occupied them from the germans as they were forced to retreat towards germany.