The rulers of the west african kingdoms expanded their lands by

In 911, a group of vikings lead by rollo besieged paris and chartres. after a victory near chartres on 26 august, charles decided to negotiate with rollo. the talks were led by hervé, the archbishop of reims. this resulted in the treaty of saint-clair-sur-epte, which granted rollo and his soldiers all the land between the river epte and the sea. it also granted him brittany, "for his livelihood". at the time, brittany was an independent land which france had not been able to conquer. in exchange, rollo promised the king his loyalty and military assistance when needed. also rollo also agreed to be baptised and to marry gisela, the king's daughter. the territory given rollo is about the same as upper normandy.

Jackson  said nullification 'means insurrection and war,' and called it a treasonous attack on america. the second aspect of the  force bill  was the passing in congress of a lower tariff in 1833. this was offered as a compromise to avoid conflict with south carolina, and to attempt to defuse the tense situation.source google