James madison’s point in federalist 47 is that

Federalist 47. Opponents of the Constitution, known as Anti-Federalists, observed that the separation of powers as proposed did not offer enough separation between the branches of government.

the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).

john maynrd keynes developed new economic respose to the                           ( b. great depression if the 1930's)