What group was responsible for paying taxes in france

Before 1789 inequality was typical of the old government. The nobles and clergy were the privileged orders. They were exempt from such direct taxes as the taille, or land tax. Most taxes were paid by the THIRD ESTATE--a class that included peasants, artisans, merchants, and professional men.

an era of negotiation.

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small european communities with shared traditions consolidated into large new states (apex)