How did europeans affect africa during the 1800s? how did africas respond in the 1900s?

European engaged in two set of significant projects in Africa in the 19th century. During the Era of Free Trade (1830-1880), Europeans mapped the interior of the African content through exploration discovering major lakes and rivers. Moreover, they began the early process of building an infrastructure and establishing spheres of influence. Led primarily by the British and France, other countries such as Germany, Belgium, and Italy also participated in these imperial and colonial projects. This project culminated in the formal colonization of the African continent beginning with the Berlin Conference in 1885. By 1900, major spheres of influence had been established in Anglophone, Francophone, Lusophone and German South East Africa and the Belgian Congo. African responded through this period with resistance from armed conflict to negotiation. Africans also waged a  significant anti-colonial movement with worldwide implications. These efforts led t increased pressure of Europeans colonizers and subsequent independence and decolonization beginning  with Ghana in 1957.

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