1)compare and contrast the spread of christianity and islam. using specific countries/societies as examples, what forms of government were established to rule? what was the importance of social distinctions?
2) how were the muslim lands governed from 900 to 1400, and what new challenges did rulers face? what was the islamic golden age?
3) what characterized trans-saharan trade, and how did it affect west african society such as the sudan? how does west african society compare to east african city states?
4)how did chinggis khan and his successors conquer much of eurasia, and how did the mongol conquests change the regions affected? what was the result of india’s encounters with turks, mongols, and islam?
5)what were the causes, course, and consequences of the crusades? why have the later middle ages been seen as a time of calamity and crisis? (hundred years war, black death, and peasant revolts).

this is for my final exam tomorrow only one of these is gonna be it so

1.The spread of Islam and Christianity was, and still is, for more than two thousand years, preceded by Islam Christianity in terms of the beginning of the call five hundred years and spread in the beginning in the Middle East and then spread throughout Europe with the help of the adoption of the Roman Empire Christian religion and then came Islam to start spreading in the semi The Arabian Peninsula and then the rest of the world

Today, we see a living example of the coexistence of Muslims and Christians in the same country as France, which has contributed significantly to the migrations of African Muslims to embrace French Christians Islam

Historically, the Ottoman Empire was a beautiful example of the Islamic rule, which spanned more than 600 years in areas that were composed of Christians and Muslims who ruled from a Muslim ruler. Sultan. They exercised freely under the patronage of the Sultan

2. In theory the caliph and his central administration governed the whole empire, but in practice, the many parts of the empire enjoyed considerable local independence. As long as public order was maintained and taxes were forwarded, the central government rarely interfered. - enormous distance made it difficult to keep provinces from breaking away

The description of the golden age of Islam is used to describe a historical phase in which Islamic civilization was advanced, extending from the middle of the eighth century until the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries AD. During this period, the engineers, scientists and traders of the Islamic world contributed greatly in the fields of art, agriculture, economy, industry, literature, navigation, philosophy, science, technology and astronomy, through the preservation and building on previous contributions and the addition of many inventions and innovations.

Philosophers, poets, artists, scholars and princes created a unique culture that affected societies on all continents.

3.the cameles  

-brought lasting economic and social change to Africa, facilitating the spread of Islam via muslim arab traders, and affected the development of world commerce.  

three important affects on trade

1. trade stimulated gold mining  

2.stimulated the development of urban centers.  

4. The new law of the empire is "Yasa" or "Ech Zasag", without all that is related to the daily life and political relations of the nomads at the time, for example: the prohibition of hunting animals in a season of marriage, the sale of women, the theft of property of others, Genghis Khan appointed his adopted brother, "Shiggy Khothog" as the Chief Justice, and ordered him to keep a record of the prosecutions and problems that occurred. In addition to family, food, and military matters, Genghis Khan unleashed freedom of belief, supported internal and external trade, and exempted the poor and the clergy from taxes and property. For these reasons, many Muslims, Buddhists and Christians, from Manchuria, northern China, India and Persia, voluntarily joined the Genghis Khan Empire

allowed many religions to occur and proceed as long as they paid tax. They also employed skilled workers, giving new opportunities to low-caste manual and artisan labor. This brought about a great age of religious art and architecture. Turks successfully held off the Mongols.

5.The reason for the reservation is the abilityThe undeclared goal is to control the resources of the areas targeted by the Churchز

A series of famines and plagues, beginning with the Great Famine of 1315–17 and especially the Black Death of 1347-1351, reduced the population perhaps by half or more as the Medieval Warm Period came to a close and the first century of the Little Ice Age began. It took 150 years for the European population to regain the levels of 1300

civil disobedience, refusal to obey the demands or commands of a government or occupying power, without resorting to violence or active measures of opposition