What were two effects of the lack of representation of the third estate in the estates-general? decreased power of the nobles in the estates-general seizing of lands of the members of the first estate separation of the third estate from the estates-general formation of the first national assembly the king’s dismissal of the clergy from the estates-general

Two effects of the lack of representation of the Third Estate in the Estates-General:

Context/explanation:

Under the old, existing rules for the Estates-General, each Estate got one vote in the overall decisions of the Estates General.  The 1st Estate (clergy) would get 1 vote, the 2nd Estate (nobility) would get 1 vote, and the 3rd Estate (all others, commoners), would get 1 vote.  So even if the 3rd Estate were granted a greater number of overall delegates, in the end it wouldn't matter. The clergy and nobility would collude with one another to maintain their hold on power.  The members of the 3rd Estate, though they were 98% of the population, thus would get outvoted.

King Louis XVI was forced to convene the Estates-General in 1789 because his government was facing potential bankruptcy of finances.  In the build-up to the meeting of the Estates-General, the 3rd-Estate demanded that their representation be doubled.  That request was granted, with the king and nobles and clergy knowing that the system would still favor the first two Estates.  But the 3rd Estate delegates at the Estates General in 1789 demanded that voting be by head count of all delegates, rather than just one collective vote per house.  That way the 3rd Estate would have enough delegate votes to sway decisions.   That request was opposed by the king and the first two Estates.   So the 3rd Estate separated itself from the rest of the Estates-General and declared itself to be the National Assembly, because it represented the vast majority (98%) of the nation's people.  And thus the French Revolution began.

The correct choices are:

separation of the third estate from the Estates-General

formation of the first National Assembly Explanation

answer: a

explanation:  

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from thales, who is often considered the first western philosopher, to the stoics and skeptics, ancient greek philosophy opened the doors to a particular way of thinking that provided the roots for the western intellectual tradition. here, there is often an explicit preference for the life of reason and rational thought. we find proto-scientific explanations of the natural world in the milesian thinkers, and we hear democritus posit atoms—indivisible and invisible units—as the basic stuff of all matter. with socrates comes a sustained inquiry into ethical matters—an orientation towards human living and the best life for human beings. with plato comes one of the most creative and flexible ways of doing philosophy, which some have since attempted to imitate by writing philosophical dialogues covering topics still of interest today in ethics, political thought, metaphysics, and epistemology. plato’s student, aristotle, was one of the most prolific of ancient authors. he wrote treatises on each of these topics, as well as on the investigation of the natural world, including the composition of animals. the hellenists—epicurus, the cynics, the stoics, and the skeptics—developed schools or movements devoted to distinct philosophical lifestyles, each with reason at its foundation.

with this preference for reason came a critique of traditional ways of living, believing, and thinking, which sometimes caused political trouble for the philosophers themselves. xenophanes directly challenged the traditional anthropomorphic depiction of the gods, and socrates was put to death for allegedly inventing new gods and not believing in the gods mandated by the city of athens. after the fall of alexander the great, and because of aristotle’s ties with alexander and his court, aristotle escaped the same fate as socrates by fleeing athens. epicurus, like xenophanes, claimed that the mass of people is impious, since the people conceive of the gods as little more than superhumans, even though human characteristics cannot appropriately be ascribed to the gods. in short, not only did ancient greek philosophy pave the way for the western intellectual tradition, including modern science, but it also shook cultural foundations in its own time.