Judges have received a series of cost of living adjustment (cola) denials over the past few decades, affecting their salaries. - true - false

The statement is TRUE.

The Ethics Reform Act of 1989, guaranteed automatic cost of living adjusments (known as "COLAs") to protect the salaries of judges against inflation. This also applied to other areas of federal employment.  Pay raises, however, could be denied if the President declared national emergency or some serious economic crisis were to generate a collapse.

Despite these promises, Congress refused on several occasions throughout the past decades to raise judges' salaries, even on occasions where other federal employees were benefited by COLAs.

This led to a series of court fights that culminated with the authority given to Congress to take away promised pay raises from judges any time before they'd taken formal effect. What this means is that the Constitution will only protect judges’ pay that has been “due and payable". The review of this ruling was denied by the Supreme Court for several years.  However, Congress did end up voting to allow an increment of pay for judges later on (but not in 2007 or 2010, to cite some more examples of recent denials).

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using the map image above, answer a, b, and c. a. briefly explain the historical context of this map image.b. briefly explain one economic or social development in the period 1607–1754 that could be used to explain what the cartographer (mapmaker) shows in the map image. c. briefly explain one social development in the period 1607–1754 that could be used to explain the distinctions shown in the map image.your responses: a.during this time period the colonies had recently been formed by the british. the colonies were grouped into three sections based on common beliefs, lively hood, and how they interacted. the new england colonies had passed the mayflower compact and they focused on trade, shipbuilding, and fishing. the middle colonies had purchased land from the native americans and dealt mostly with the export of wheat, banking, and shipping.

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