In what ways do the military practices described by marco polo reflect the influence of the steppe environment on the mongols?

For Marco Polo, the Mongol military doctrine was very different from the common European military doctrines of the time. European armies relied on large infantry forces supported by smaller corps of infantry archers and cavalry. The Mongol cavalry would combine soldier, archer and knight into every single trooper, this is, every Mongol trooper was an expert rider, a marksman with an archer and a swordsman. This is a direct reflection of their native homeland, the Mongolian steppe: a huge extension of grassy land deprived from elevations (hills, mountains) worth of mention. This a land where a man on foot cannot travel too far before perishing, so the possession and skilled use of a horse is a matter of life or death. The same goes for the use of the arch, originally a hunting weapon. Since agriculture never took hold in Mongolia, all Mongols were nomadic and their livelihood depended on efficiently herding their cattle from one grazing area to the next, which made them competent in getting their bearings in a land lacking landmarks. By the time Genghis Khan united all the clans of the Mongolian steppe, some 50 years before Marco Polo was taken in the court of Genghis's grandson, Kublai Khan, Genghis had an army of riders who had unknowingly been training for war for the best part of their lives just by sticking to their traditions and doing what they had to to do to stay alive.

the answer would be a i think?

when studying cause and effect, historians usually group the causes into different categories. for example, cultural causes reflect how a society’s literature and art convey the way the society saw itself in relation to the rest of the world. another resource that historians use to understand society is pop culture, which tells them the trends and ideas that are preferred by the common people. when studying cause and effect, it’s important to remember multiple causation, or the idea that an effect could have several causes and vice versa.  

the correct option is “cultural causes” since art and literature are related to the culture of a place. culture is determined by literature, art, music.

the correct option is “pop culture” since it reflects the likes and ideas of common people whereas the rest of the options do not focus on common people.  

the correct option is “multiple causation” since it refers to the idea that events are caused by multiple reasons, not just a single one.