What late 19th century nation believed that it was a superior civilization with laws, industry, values, and religion that had been a gift to the world for centuries?

I believe the answer is: Great Britain

They had a very legit claim since at that point of time, they are regarded as one of the richest civilization with the most advanced technology. The opposition of that claim usually pointed our that the majority of the wealth and  advancement was build on the foundation of colonizing other countries.

you aint got nothin on my lil weenies

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