What messages does the tughra convey to ottoman subjects? how does it convey these messages?

The messages the tughra conveyed to ottoman subjects, were from important and political matters. The tughra was a complex and calligraphic seal or signature, who had a designed and characteristic form, and attested the veracity of the document. Depending on the history period, the tughra could be simple, or be complex (with sultan's name, his father and the prayer in them).

b) brahmans   is nomadic society

china is shifting toward specialization in industry and services and away from agriculture.

explanation:

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