Who led the europeans at the battle of poitiers?

The Europeans were led by Charles Martel.  

Explanation:

First, the real name of the Battle of Poitiers is the Battle of Tours, this Battle was fought by the European side formed by Frankish and Burgundian versus the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate that were led by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi.

The Battle took place in Tours France, on October 10, 732. The European side was commanded by Charles Martel. As a result of the European victory the leader Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi was killed.

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.