The american revolution was caused by all of the following except a) the cost of the seven years' war. b) the upheaval caused by urban industrial laborers. c) geographic distance between britain and north america. d) britain’s policy of “salutary neglect” of the colonies.

The correct answer is B, as the American Revolution was not caused by the upheaval caused by urban industrial laborers.

First, it should be noted that during the colonial era there was no industrial system developed in the territory of the Thirteen Colonies. Moreover, the Industrial Revolution had just begun to develop in Europe.

Colonial workers developed their activities in a rural and primary setting, so the term "industrial" does not apply to the production of that time.

The Seven Years' War, which ended with England's victory over France (Treaty of Paris, 1763), left the victorious nation in possession of rich territories in the American continent, already colonized, and its right to expand its domination towards to the interior of the continent. This prospect pleased the settlers, who promptly prepared to explore and seize new lands, but to their great surprise the London government, fearing waging wars with the Indian nations, determined that no further exploration or colonization of territories could be made without the signing of treaties with the Indians. This was the first source of conflict between the settlers and the English Crown. The colonists also accused the British of maintaining permanent armies in American territory and maintaining a judiciary forged with simulated trials.

But shortly thereafter, new frictions arose. Seeking to restore financial equilibrium, the metropolis tightened the knots of the colonial pact with various acts. In 1750 it had been forbidden to cast iron in the colonies; in 1754 fabrication and smuggling were forbidden. Despite winning the Seven Years War, England imposed new restrictive measures on the Thirteen Colonies. In 1765 a decree was passed regulating the obligation to shelter and support English troops on American soil (a practice that weighed heavily on colonial finances). The Seal Act was added, which added a stamp duty on newspapers, legal and official documents, etc., and the Townshend Act, which sought to limit and even prevent the Americans from continuing their trade with regions other than England.

In 1773 the English Parliament granted the monopoly of the tea trade to the East India Company, of which many English personalities owned shares. American rebel traders who felt disadvantaged disguised themselves as red-skinned Indians, raided the company's ships that were in Boston harbor and launched the shipment of tea to the sea. England immediately reacted with a set of laws which the Americans called "Intolerable Acts" (1774): closure of Boston Harbor; compensation to the injured company and the judgment of those involved, in England.

The colonists' reactions were, at first, exalted but peaceful: they demanded the right to elect representatives to the London Parliament (to be able to discuss and vote on the laws that pertained to them), and then to boycott British goods. This economic war would unleash riots and forced the English government to some setbacks, which however did not satisfy the settlers. The conflict worsened with the presence of troops sent to contain the protests. In response, in 1774 representatives of the American colonies, except Georgia, sent their delegates to Philadelphia to the First Continental Congress which, from then on, although with divergences within them, was the political voice of the settlers.

The First Continental Congress of Philadelphia decided to end trade with England until the rights before 1763 were restored. The same Congress also drafted and issued a Bill of Rights.

Soon after, a 2nd Congress was held in Philadelphia, where it was decided to create an army that would be commanded by George Washington, a farmer and chief of the Virginia militia.

In this Congress, despite their loyalty to the king, the settlers called for the suspension of the "Intolerable Act" and signed a Declaration of Settlers' Rights in which they called for the removal of trade and industry restrictions as well as abusive taxes. The king reacted by asking the settlers to submit; but they did not bow before the English crown. Extreme positions led to the creation of militias, the building of ammunition depots, and a steady rise in tension that would erupt into the American War of Independence.

the answer as multiple choice is c

africa, the second-largest continent, is bounded by the mediterranean sea, the red sea, the indian ocean, and the atlantic ocean. it is divided in half almost equally by the equator. the continent includes the islands of cape verde, madagascar, mauritius, seychelles, and comoros.

africa’s physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately.

the origin of the name “africa” is greatly disputed by scholars. most believe it stems from words used by the phoenicians, greeks, and romans. important words include the egyptian word afru-ika, meaning “motherland”; the greek word aphrike, meaning “without cold”; and the latin word aprica, meaning “sunny.”

today, africa is home to more countries than any other continent in the world. these countries are: morocco, western sahara (morocco), algeria, tunisia, libya, egypt, sudan, chad, niger, mali, mauritania, senegal, the gambia, guinea-bissau, guinea, sierra leone, liberia, côte d’ivoire, ghana, burkina faso, togo, benin, nigeria, cameroon, central africa republic, equatorial guinea, gabon, congo, democratic republic of the congo, angola, namibia, botswana, south africa, lesotho, swaziland, mozambique, zimbabwe, zambia, malawi, tanzania, rwanda, burundi, uganda, kenya, somalia, ethiopia, djibouti, eritrea and the island countries of cape verde, madagascar, mauritius, seychelles, and comoros.

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