What were affirmative action programs originally designed to encourage?

How did southern states respond to the ratification of the fourteenth amendment?

One day as your professor is driving to work, another driver runs through a red light and hits his car. the professor is shaken up but survives the accident. however, the next time he starts to enter the intersection, he becomes nervous and fearful. soon, he starts going to work via another route to avoid the intersection even though this route adds twenty minutes to his commute in each direction. according to the principles of classical conditioning, why does the professor become scared of the previously harmless intersection? what can he do about this, as going via other route is very time consuming? be specific. break down the situation into its parts and show how the principles of learning apply.

Who's idea was it for businessmen to use their wealth for the greater good of society? (gospel of wealth ~ap u. s. history