Italian states like venice and florence were officially republics. in what sense were they republics in name only?

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

Italian states like Venice and Florence were officially republics. They were republics in name only because people were not allowed to vote. Rich people controlled these city-states.  

During the Italian Renaissance, the most important city-states were Florence, Venice, and Milan. These city-states had its own governments. Political power in Republics such as Florence and Venice relied on merchants, guilds, and powerful families like the Medici.

international economic development agencies harm poorer nations by encouraging them to serve as exporters to wealthier nations.

it should be a. song dynasty’s civil service examination system created an administrative bureaucracy manned by the landed aristocracy.