Jason received a letter this past week from three different colleges he applied to. His first and second choices for college turned down his application. Jason was bitterly disappointed and felt embarrassed. He had wanted his top college choice since grade school. The second choice was his father’s alma mater. However, he managed his deep disappointment and embarrassment through rationalization, intellectualization, and sublimation. Provide an example of how Jason might have used or applied each of these defense mechanisms.

You are assessing an 86-year-old postoperative patient who has an unexpressive, stoic demeanor. when you enter the room, the patient is curled into the fetal position and your assessment reveals that his vital signs are elevated and he is diaphoretic. you ask the patient what his pain level is on a 0-to-10 scale that you explained to the patient prior to surgery. the patient indicates a pain level of “three or so.” you review your pain-management orders and find that all medications are ordered prn. how would you treat this patient's pain?