The heart consists of four chambers, two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers). There is a valve through which blood passes before leaving each chamber of the heart. What do you know about these heart valves? Check all the statements that are TRUE.
The heart valves prevent the backward flow of blood.
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As the left atrium contracts, more blood flows into the right ventricle.
The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
The pulmonary valve is located between the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
After the left ventricle contracts, the aortic valve closes and the mitral valve opens, to allow blood to flow
from the left atrium into the left ventricle.
Each valve actually has three flaps, except the mitral valve, which has two flaps.

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A46-year-old man with a history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia visits the physician for a routine followup. the patient's job involves a lot of travelling, and he admits to occasionally forgetting to take his medications with him when he travels. he complains of several episodes of chest pain in the past few months. the pain is sharp in nature, mainly over his lower chest and epigastrium, and tends to come on when walking. he believes these episodes are due to indigestion and has been taking antacids. there is a family history of heart disease, and his father died of a heart attack at age 48. on physical examination, his blood pressure is 150/80 mmhg and heart rate is 86/min. his lungs are clear to auscultation. cardiac auscultation reveals normal rate and rhythm, without rubs, gallops, or murmurs. there is no pedal oedema. he is sent for an exercise stress test. five minutes into the test, he develops st depression of 3mm in leads v1-v5. the st segment depression is greater than 0.12 seconds in duration and the stress test is stopped. which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? - coronary angiography- holter monitor- no further tests are required- repeat stress test with thallium- upper gastrointestinal endoscopy