Which of the following statements describes mental disorders?
a.
mental disorders are usually only found in individuals with low mental capabilities.
b.
mental disorders are best managed without assistance.
c.
mental disorders are illnesses that affect a person's emotions, behavior, and thoughts.
d.
mental disorders are not true diseases.

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The herpes viruses are important enveloped dna viruses that cause disease in vertebrates and in some invertebrates such as oysters. some of the human forms are herpes simplex virus (hsv) types i and ii, causing facial and genital lesions, and the varicella zoster virus (vsv), causing chicken pox and shingles. each of these three actively infects nervous tissue. primary infections are fairly mild, but the virus is not then cleared from the host; rather, viral genomes are maintained in cells in a latent phase. the virus can later reactivate, replicate again, and infect others. in electron micrographs of hsv infection, it can be seen that the intact virus initially reacts with cell surface proteoglycans, then with specific receptors. this is later followed by viral capsids docking with nuclear pores. afterward, the capsids go from being full to being "empty." which of the following best fits these observations? a) viral capsids are needed for the cell to become infected; only the capsids enter the nucleus. b) the viral envelope is not required for infectivity, since the envelope does not enter the nucleus. c) only the genetic material of the virus is involved in the cell's infectivity, and is injected like the genome of a phage. d) the viral envelope mediates entry into the cell, the capsid mediates entry into the nuclear membrane, and the genome is all that enters the nucleus.

Some viruses can be crystallized and their structures analyzed. one such virus is yellow mottle virus, which infects beans. this virus has a single-stranded rna genome containing about 6300 nucleotides. its capsid is 25-30 nm in diameter and contains 180 identical capsomeres. if the yellow mottle virus begins its infection of a cell by using its genome as mrna, which of the following would you expect to be able to measure? a) replication rateb) transcription ratec) translation rated) formation of new transcription factors