Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence: 1. metacognition. 2. concrete operational thinking. 3. the game of thinking. 4. formal operational thought.

4. formal operational thought.

Explanation:

The formal operational thought is the ability of the mind to develop a hypothesis and systematically test the hypothesis to arrive at a correct answer to the problem. The development of this kind of thought process begins at the age of eleven that is in the adolescence age. The skills that include in the thought process are deductive, logical reasoning and systematic planning.  

c. the runner should sprint as fast as possible to the finish line.

i think she would gain 18 grams