Ais an isolated remnant of bedrock standing above a wave-cut platform.

A Sea Stack is an isolated remnant of bedrock standing above a wave-cut platform. Here is what Sea Stack formed. The cracks then gradually get larger and turn into a small cave. When the cave wears through the headland, arch forms.

Answer after wwii, communist countries in eastern europe formed the warsaw pack, a military alliance, and comecon, an economic alliance;