The original civilizations of the indus valley were greatly changed by the migration of the

Aryan migration

Explanation:

The Indus valley civilization originally inhabited by the Aryan civilization and has been proved by the architecture of the buildings and the artifacts that have been found at the place. And they have known to be originated in the 1800-1500 BC and had migrated to the India and settled in the Indus valley Gangetic plain and spoke the indo European languages.

Answerbecause of improved transportation, communication, and other advantages;

Answer islamic scholars made advancements in technology, literature, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and the arts during this time period;