What destruction from the east destroyed the islamic empire in the 13th century?

Which is not an example of a  cultural  bond found in a nation-state? a. a holiday traditionb. a common religionc. a favorite placed. a shared history

American consumption has had which of the following effects on the environment?

Using examples from various part of the world. examine the assertion that mere presence of abundant natural resources in a country does not guarantee rapid socio economic development