How does map scale affect cartography?

The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground. This simple concept is complicated by the curvature of the Earth's surface, which forces scale to vary across a map. Because of this variation, the concept of scale becomes meaningful in two distinct ways.

Explanation:

answer; (b); i believe its indefinite existence of human population in a healthy and prosperous condition;

without the article i believe the answer could be a because algeria is a low soci-economic country in africa and most countries that ahve such qualities lack womens rights