Read the excerpt from an article called "Jim Crow and the Great Migration" by Jonathan Holloway and then answer the questions that follow. There will be three questions in this set.

… Opportunities for southern blacks to vote or hold political office essentially disappeared with the rise of Redemption. Finding work was more difficult in the early 20th century. The quality of housing and education remained poor, and there remained the ever-looming threat of lynch law. Mobs of whites took the law into their own hands and punished a black person for failing to follow unwritten rules. African-Americans could no longer protect their families, so they simply left.

There were many other reasons for this “exodus,” too. Sharecropping — working for white farm owners — kept black families in debt and was a dead end. Making life even worse on the farms was the sudden appearance of the boll weevil that destroyed the cotton crops and resulted in blacks losing their jobs. At the same time, there were new opportunities in northern factories. Immigrant workers from Europe stopped coming to America as Europe began its march to war in 1914. Better housing, the right to vote and high-paying jobs in the North became a frequent topic of conversation in black southern homes. Friends and family returned for visits or wrote letters describing their good fortune. The Chicago Defender, the major black newspaper of the day, was read in most southern black homes. It constantly ran stories about northern job opportunities and brutal violence against blacks in the south. Finally, as black migration steadily increased, organizations like the National Urban League (1910), which worked to improve the quality of life for so many black migrants, began to form.

Which of the following is a push factor that is described in the reading?

A. The formation of organizations like the National Urban League.

B. The right to vote in the north.

C. Violence against African-Americans in the south.

D. Job opportunities in the north.