Under the roman empire, citizenship and loyalty to the empire governed society. what governed society after the empire fell?

a strong professional military
a bond of language and culture
centralized rule
personal ties and relationships

Afarmer who is grown corn for the past five years notices in the sixth year that the his harvest is significantly smaller, despite an increase in labor on the farm. the following year, the harvest continue to decline. which of the following explanations most plausibly accounts for the reduction in corn yield? a) soil degradation b) desalinization c) better irrigationd) terracing