(a) name four different agents of erosion. for each agent, give an example of a natural process or human activity that may result in increased rates of erosion. (2 marks)

(b) name and briefly describe four dominant soil forming processes. (4 marks)

(c)using a diagram, show the typical soil horizons available in a soil profile with their functions. (4 marks)

The erosion or the worn away of Earth materials is caused by four agents, the water, ice, wind and gravity.

Explanation:

Water erosion in the form of heavy rainfall can cause splash erosion as small sediments are taken away from the land’s surface. The ice erosion mainly consisting of glaciers which constantly move and transport material for example downhill. Wind is a powerful force that can sweep huge areas of lands. Finally, the gravity erosion is linked to the movement of soil and rock due to its force, e.g. avalanches, mudslides and slumps. Soil formation processes are influenced by 5 factors that include climate, parent material, the terrain characteristics, living organisms and time. This results in additions, losses, transformations, and translocations. The first occurs when material is added to the soil such as new vegetation or decomposing animals. Losses is the opposite process linked to erosion. Transformation involves a change from one component to another such as decomposed leaves changing into humus. Last but not least, Translocation refers to the movement within the soil. For instance, when water is evaporated and minerals are pulled to the surface.  

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