Which of the following is not consistent with the major hallmarks of science?
a. science consists of proven theories that are understood to be true explanations of reality.
b. scientific explanations should be based solely on natural causes.
c. a scientific model must make testable predictions.
d. science progresses through the creation and testing of models that explain observation as simply as possible.

Out of the given statements, Science consists of proven theories that are understood to be true explanations of reality is not consistent with the major hallmarks of science.

Option A

Explanation:

Hallmarks of science are the factors that need to be logically acceptable about any given theory for it to be called 'scientific'. These hallmarks are specific, nor absolute neither relative in nature.

For a theory to qualify scientific hallmarks, it can also be at the stage of a proposed hypothesis, not necessarily a true explanation of true reality. For example, the theory of relativity was still considered a scientific theory before Albert Einstein proved it to be true.

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