Explain how social and economic factors contribute to increases or decreases in the vulnerability of a population.

Explained as below.

Explanation:

The social and economic factors come under the larger term of demographic factors. While an increase or decrease in population is cause and consequence of the shift on the demographic transition when the population increase due to fertility, decreased due to morality and migrates due to the availability of resources, etc. Social aspects of increase and decrease refer to the stability or instability of a population as a  population becomes vulnerability it sees a decline in housing, family, class, race and clan, and inadequate education and sex ratio. They become minorities who often have low health conditions. Economic factors like income inequality, another factor like declining living standards lie a country becomes economically vulnerable to other counties by lack of balance in exports and imports. This may include the occurrence of natural hazards and inadequate employment and education services.

It’s either c or d as the answer.

81 is a composite number