“I have hoped” is in which tense?

What is the main source of conflict in this passage? lee grew up near the old-growth forest. she loved wandering the trails and looking at the natural beauty around her. but the city council recently approved plans to cut down the forest in order to build a shopping center and apartment buildings. the council believed the development would create new jobs and provide more affordable housing. lee was upset when she heard about the plans to destroy her beloved forest, and she vowed to do something to save it.

What is darrow’s main argument and the claims he makes in this excerpt? a. darrow argues that even if the boys are horrible monsters, their deaths will not solve the problems of society; he claims that society wants the boys to be executed because people enjoy watching public executions. b. he argues that the people who should be held responsible for the crime are leopold’s and loeb’s parents since they neglected their sons; he claims that leopold and loeb were jealous of the boy they killed because he had expensive belongings they could not afford. c. darrow argues that the boys should not face the death penalty; he claims they both suffer from mental illnesses that make them unable to tell the difference between a dream and reality. d. he argues that leopold and loeb, particularly dickie loeb, should not be executed; he claims they were teenagers who didn’t have proper adult guidance, so they are not responsible for what they did.

Which function is positive for the entire interval (-3, -2]?