where Hawthorne uses personification to further the reader's understanding of circumstance or situation.

how does the author's use of hyperbole to characterize jim smiley? a) it characterizes smiley as an introverted loner who prefers books to people. b) it characterizes smiley as a man who is kind and nurturing toward others who are less fortunate. c) it characterizes smiley as a man who is evil and vindictive toward any one who crosses his path. d) it characterizes smile as a man who is a risk-taker who willing bets on anything and with anyone.

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he is suggesting that this widow is a strong woman, who is giving constructive criticism and she has enough to worry about, and she takes care of him, so he does not take it to heart.

dramatic irony occurs when the reader/audience knows more about a character's situation than the character does. the one main effect is that it gives the reader a sense of superiority, or detached superiority. the reader not only seemingly discovers what is revealed, but feels superior for doing so.

quite an interesting way to teach topic sentences, because the answer to this question is the best definition of a topic sentence that one can present, it is as if answering the questions taught you how to do it, this is some real teaching, it is terribly well-done.

the topic sentence in this paragraph is:

topic sentences writers stay on track and keep a paragraph from becoming an aimless collection of sentences about an idea.

which incidentally tells you what a topic sentence should be.