Step 1: Work collaboratively to set discussion rules and guidelines. a) Meet with other participants before the discussion to develop a plan.

b) Confirm that the team knows the topic and the text(s) that will be the basis of the discussion.

c) Set clear goals with the team that include deadlines for preparation, the schedule of the

discussion, the length of the discussion, and the roles of each discussion member.

d) Decide how the role of a moderator will function for peacekeeping and turn-taking.

e) Determine the purpose of the discussion and the audience.

f) Decide on the formality of the discussion and rules for consensus (general agreement). vote-

taking, and the presentation of alternate viewpoints.

The “big dig” the “big dig” (the central artery/tunnel project) has been complex and challenging. located in boston, massachusetts, this tunnel is eight lanes wide and three-and-a-half miles long. what is most amazing about this tunnel is that it is constructed under a major highway and skyscrapers located in boston’s financial district. construction crews used “clamshell excavators” during this dig. these machines carved narrow trenches, and then a special substance was pumped into the trench to keep the dirt from caving in. finally, steel beams were lowered into the trench and concrete was pumped in. one problem that engineers faced while constructing the tunnel is the fact that the soil beneath boston is extremely loose and soggy. engineers solved this dilemma by freezing the soil and pumping very cold water into pipes beneath the city. to strengthen the soil even further, a special type of glue was injected into the ground to with the consolidation of the soil. 23 which phrase best defines the word excavator as used in the passage? a. a device used to measure underground temperatures b. a device used to level uneven surfaces c. a device used to move heavy objects d. a device used to dig holes