Help me please is present perfect​

"urban sprawl, the spreading of large developments of housing and shopping areas around a city’s center, has many negative cultural and environmental effects. " (from your link)

so, your answer is: it has a negative effect on the environment, otherwise known as c~hope this mate. 

give correct answers

1) if the central idea of "nameless, tn" is "even the tiniest of towns, and the people living there, have value and meaning in this world," which of the following pieces of evidence from the story does not support this central idea?  

a. miss ginny keeps a deathbook of all those in nameless who have passed.

b. there was a doctor who cared about the people and the old way of doing things.

c. miss ginny doesn't like the look of the narrator's van.

d. the general store provided a variety of goods for all the people in nameless.

2)authors rarely state the central idea in narrative nonfiction. how can a reader find the central idea when the author doesn’t state it explicitly?

a. to find the central idea, you look for outside resources about the text and try to determine it through their analysis.

b. to find the central idea, you look at the details in the text: what characters say and do, the events that occur, important challenges or conflicts represented, and the setting. then you think about how these details work together to build and convey a big idea or message

c. to find the central idea, you look at the first paragraph of the story and make a guess.

d. none of these.