Read the two passages. Passage 1

The need for standardized testing in education is a sensitive topic to some. Many fear that the use of these tests with students of all ages would lead to a decline in both academic growth and innovation; however, if standardized testing continues to be a reliable and objective source of measuring student achievement, we must conclude that the means justify the end. We can simply state the results of a 100-year analysis of testing research for proof: 93 percent of studies on student testing found a favorable outcome for student achievement.

Passage 2

When the Brookings Institution, a 100-year-old organization made up of experts in education and government, reports that up to 80 percent of standardized test score improvements were temporary and did not lead to improvements in learning, we must realize that student testing is not working. I have visited several schools during testing time, so I can personally vouch for the negative effect that standardized tests have on students’ emotions. Standardized testing is unnecessary and must end.

How does the evidence in the first passage differ from the evidence in the second?

Passage 1 uses anecdotal evidence, while passage 2 uses empirical evidence.
Passage 1 uses empirical evidence, while passage 2 uses logical evidence.
Passage 1 uses anecdotal evidence, while passage 2 uses logical evidence.
Passage 1 uses logical evidence, while passage 2 uses logical and anecdotal evidence.