I will MARK YOU BRAINLIST PLEASE HELP ME

Which group or words is not a phrase? a.) leaving behind the dog b.) because she smiled at me c.) smashing into a fence d.) before the first test e.) pushing the sofa

Which of these can an adverbial clause modify?

Which statement is true of the antagonist of a character vs. nature conflict? the antagonist is generally more powerful than the protagonist. the antagonist is a person or personified object. the antagonist and the protagonist have the same values. the antagonist is always difficult to fletermine.