What did we learn about the characters that may confirm the theme predicted based on chapter ones title “The Boy left Behind”?

Need this asap what would be some of the drawbacks of using a specific dramatic structure such as freytag's pyramid?

Santiago said, “a man can be destroyed but not defeated.” in essence he says that a. defeat is likely when you sail alone. b. man can face defeat so it is important to learn from your mistakes and be prepared. c. sharks can always defeat man unless man is well prepared. d. man can be hurt and even destroyed but still have the ability to control how it is viewed.

Esther is a person and who makes friends easily. parallel structure how?