...(8) Although babies can do little more than eat, sleep, and cry, their brains are incredibly busy building neural pathways, processing new information, and developing language. (9) In fact, a recent study shows that newborns are even capable of learning in their sleep...

The writer wants to add a sentence before sentence 8 to show that the third paragraph is refuting the claim made in the second paragraph. Which sentence best accomplishes the writer’s goal?

a.) Not only do babies’ eyes move side to side during REM sleep, but they also move up and down.
b.) However, child psychologist David Foulkes argues that babies use REM sleep for other purposes.
c.) Contrary to popular belief, REM accounts for only one of the five stages of sleep that all humans, including infants, go through.
d.) On the other hand, one study conducted in 2010 indicated that babies have the ability to learn while they are sleeping.
e.) Whereas adults spend only a quarter of their sleep time in the REM stage, babies average closer to half their sleep time in this stage.

Read this excerpt from leo tolstoy's the death of ivan ilyich her attitude towards him and his diseases is still the same just as the doctor had adopted a certain relation to his patient which he could not abandon, so had she formed one towards him—that he was not doing something he ought to do and was himself to blame, and that she reproached him lovingly for this--and she could not now change that attitude. "you see he doesn't listen to me and doesn't take his medicine at the proper time. and above all he lies in a position that is no doubt bad for him.- with his legs up" she described how he made gerasim hold his legs up the doctor smiled with a contemptuous affability that said"what's to be done? these sick people do have foolish fancles of that kind, but we must forgive them they all rose, said good-night and went away when they had gone it seemed to ivan ilyich that he felt better, the falsity had gone with them. but the pain remained--that same pain and that same fear that made everything monotonously alike, nothing harder and nothing easier. everything was worse again minute followed minute and hour followed hour everything remained the same and there was no cessation. and the inevitable end of it all became more and more terrible based on the excerpt, how is praskovya fedorovna a character foil to ivan ilyich? a. she is kind and takes care of ivan, which is why he feels guilty about how he treated her for most of their married life • b. she is vindictive toward ivan while pretending to be worried about him, thus reminding him of how his family has never forgiven him she plays the part of the worried wife without any real feeling, symbolizing the false propriety ivan upheld but now hates c. d. she is young, healthy, and beautiful-everything ivan can never be again and wishes he could return to

What a literary critic determine a story's complex theme? oa. the public's reaction to the storyob. the number of characters in a storyoc. the order of events within the storyod. the specific details within the storysurmit

And argument does not always have to be made in words. which of the following best describes the type of argument a piece of music makes