Read the passage from “i know why the caged bird sings.” mrs. bertha flowers was the aristocrat of black stamps. she had the grace of control to appear warm in the coldest weather, and on the arkansas summer days it seemed she had a private breeze which swirled around, cooling her. she was thin without the taut look of wiry people, and her printed voile dresses and flowered hats were as right for her as denim overalls for a farmer. she was our side's answer to the richest white woman in town. the author’s purpose in including this passage is to explain to the reader the way people dressed in black stamps. instruct the reader on the local customs in black stamps. inform the reader of mrs. flowers’s social position in black stamps. teach the reader how mrs. flowers’s fashion affected black stamps.

Read this excerpt from "the light of gandhi's lamp" by hilary kromberg inglis, in which she describes driving to the police station where her sister is being detained. to avoid looking at the blackened windows at the top of the building and thinking about the history of who had died or been tortured there, i always looked instead at the little chinese restaurant on the opposite side of the road. how does this passage affect the text? it conveys, with great subtlety, the conflict she felt over having a sister who would break the law and end up in the custody of the police. it conveys, without any implied moral judgment, that those who fought against apartheid considered themselves to be soldiers in a just war. it conveys, with an extended metaphor, the idea that being detained by the police in this society was regarded as a badge of honor. it conveys, with direct language, the view held by many anti-apartheid activists that the police often acted in brutal and unlawful ways.