What is it called when you shorten a word with an apostrophe?

What is the metaphor used for captain beatty? what is he being compared to?

"dogs make wonderful pets because they us stay happy and healthy"the topic sentence is "dogs make wonderful pets" i need writing a sentence that is unrelated to the topic and can be eliminated.

Questions 1–2: identify the dependent clause and circle the independent clause. 1. since carmen was so hungry, she stopped at the deli and bought a sandwich. 2. the train was running late as usual, so kristen decided to call a taxi.