The earliest known villages in ancient egypt date back over 5,000 years. these villages became part of two kingdoms. one of these kingdoms controlled the villages on the nile delta. the other controlled the villages south of the delta. the delta area was known as lower egypt. the southern region was known as upper egypt.
egyptian civilization began about 3100 b. c. king menes, a king from upper egypt, conquered lower egypt. he then united the country and formed the world's first national government. king menes founded memphis as the capital. (this is near present-day cairo).
king menes also created the first egyptian dynasty. a dynasty is a series of rulers in the same family. over 30 dynasties ruled ancient egypt. the first two dynasties ruled for about 400 years. during this period the egyptians developed irrigation systems, plows, and a system of writing. the years of the third and fourth dynasties were known as the old kingdom, or the pyramid age. as the name suggests, this period was best known for the building of the great pyramids. by the time of the fifth dynasty, the king's power began to weaken. high priests and government officials fought for power. most of the next five dynasties had weak rulers.

which of the following lines best summarizes this passage?

a the 5,000 year history of ancient egypt can be traced from early villages to kingdoms to dynasties.

b the crowning achievement of ancient egypt was the great pyramids, which were built during the pyramid age.

c king menes, the first king of egypt, created the system of dynasties that lasted for many years.

d ancient egypt began 5,000 years ago, when early villages became kingdoms.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)

martians or other types of aliens represent a unique fear as opposed to zombies. vampires and other types of monsters.   in most sci-fi stories, aliens come from other worlds and have different or more advanced technology.   abductions and experimentation on human bodies that involve these technologies, or the use of these technologies against human beings and the use of unknown "powers", are a type of fear that's different from that of other types of monsters.  

his face was as red as an