The widow in the house of saradasankar, the ranihat zemindar, had no kinsmen of her father's family. one after another all had died. nor had she in her husband's family any one she could call her own, neither husband nor son. the child of her brother-in-law saradasankar was her darling. for a long time after his birth, his mother had been very ill, and the widow, his aunt kadambini, had fostered him. if a woman fosters another's child, her love for him is all the stronger because she has no claim upon him—no claim of kinship, that is, but simply the claim of love. love cannot prove its claim by any document which society accepts, and does not wish to prove it; it merely worships with double passion its life's uncertain treasure. thus all the widow's thwarted love went out towards this little child. one night in sraban, kadambini died suddenly. for some reason her heart stopped beating. everywhere else the world held on its course; only in this gentle little breast, suffering with love, the watch of time stood still forever.
lest they should be harassed by the poike, four of the zemindar's brahmin servants took away the body, without ceremony, to be burned. the burning-ground of ranihat was very far from the village. there was a hut beside a tank, a huge banian near it, and nothing more. formerly, a river, now completely dried up, ran through the ground, and part of the watercourse had been dug out to make a tank for the performance of funeral rites. the people considered the tank as part of the river and reverenced it as such.
taking the body into the hut, the four men sat down to wait for the wood. the time seemed so long that two of the four grew restless and went to see why it did not come. nitai and gurucharan being gone, bidhu and banamali remained to watch over the body.
it was a dark night of sraban. heavy clouds hung in a starless sky. the two men sat silent in the dark room. their matches and lamp were useless. the matches were damp, and would not light, for all their efforts, and the lantern went out.
after a long silence, one said: "brother, it would be good if we had a bowl of tobacco. in our hurry we brought none."
the other answered: "i can run and bring all we want."
understanding why banarnali wanted to go (from fear of ghosts, the burning-ground being considered haunted), bidhu said: "i daresay! meanwhile, i suppose i am to sit here alone! "
conversation ceased again. five minutes seemed like an hour. in their minds they cursed the two, who had gone to fetch the wood, and they began to suspect that they sat gossiping in some pleasant nook. there was no sound anywhere, except the incessant noise of frogs and crickets from the tank. then suddenly they fancied that the bed shook slightly, as if the dead body had turned on its side. bidhu and banamali trembled and began muttering: "ram, ram." a deep sigh was heard in the room. in a moment the watchers leapt out of the hut and raced for the village.
after running about three miles, they met their colleagues coming back with a lantern. as a matter of fact, they had gone to smoke and knew nothing about the wood. but they declared that a tree had been cut down and that, when it was split up, it would be brought along at once. then bidhu and banamali told them what had happened in the hut. nitai and gurucharan scoffed at the story, and abused bidhu and banamali angrily for leaving their duty.
without delay all four returned to the hut. as they entered, they saw at once that the body was gone; nothing but an empty bed remained. they stared at one another. could a jackal have taken it? but there was no scrap of clothing anywhere. going outside, they saw that on the mud that had collected at the door of the hut there were a woman's tiny footprints, newly made. saradasankar was no fool, and they could hardly persuade him to believe in this ghost story. so after much discussion the four decided that it would be best to say that the body had been burnt.
towards dawn, when the men with the wood arrived they were told that, owing to their delay, the work had been done without them; there had been some wood in the hut after all. no one was likely to question this, since a dead body is not such a valuable property that anyone would steal it.
what cultural experiences are reflected in the excerpt from “living or dead? ” how does the culture and the history of the time period affect the passage? use evidence from the text to support your response. your response should be at least one paragraph.