Based on the context of this excerpt from w. w. jacobs's "the monkey's paw," what does the word placidly mean?

without, the night was cold and wet, but in the small parlour of laburnam villa the blinds were drawn and the fire burned brightly. father and son were at chess, the former, who possessed ideas about the game involving radical changes, putting his king into such sharp and unnecessary perils that it even provoked comment from the white-haired old lady knitting placidly by the fire.

completing a task in a frantic manner
having a particular motive for an action
appearing to be calm and relaxed
acting harshly or stubbornly

Read the passage from sugar changed the world. sugar is a taste we all want, a taste we all crave. people throughout the planet everywhere have been willing to do anything, anything at all, to get that touch of sweetness. we even know exactly how thrilling it was to taste sugar for the first time. when the lewis and clark expedition met up with the shoshone, who had little previous contact with old world products, sacagawea gave a tiny piece of sugar to a chief. he loved it, saying it was "the best thing he had ever tasted." sugar created a hunger, a need, which swept from one corner of the world to another, bringing the most terrible misery and destruction, but then, too, the most inspiring ideas of liberty. sugar changed the world. we begin that story with a man who could never know enough. how does the conclusion of the prologue support the authors’ purpose? select two options. it introduces the topic that will be addressed next. it provides information about the authors. it states why the topic is relevant to readers. it cites sources the authors used in the text. it explains how the authors came to study the subject.

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Write a five-minute oral presentation about the call of the wild, writing for an audience of your peers. what did you find most fascinating or interesting about the story, and what did you think were its most important points? include one visual element to support your ideas; this may be a short slideshow. then, make small changes to your speech to adapt it to be presented to a formal audience. enter both versions of your speech (informal and formal) in the space below, and include your selected visual element. if possible, present your speech to an audience to receive feedback.